Washington D.C., May 8: The prime time for brain development in a child's life is the first year, where the infant spends most of the time asleep. It is the time when neural connections form and sensory memories are encoded.
However, when sleep is disrupted, as occurs more often among children with autism, brain development may be affected, too.
New research led by the University of Washington finds that sleep problems in a baby's first 12 months may not only precede an autism diagnosis but also may be associated with altered growth trajectory in a key part of the brain, the hippocampus.
The study, which was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, researchers report that in a sample of more than 400 taken of 6- to 12-month-old infants, those who were later diagnosed with autism were more likely to have had difficulty falling asleep.
It also states that this sleep difficulty was associated with altered growth trajectories in the hippocampus.
"The hippocampus is critical for learning and memory, and changes in the size of the hippocampus have been associated with poor sleep in adults and older children.
As many as 80 per cent of the children with autism spectrum disorder have sleep problems," said Annette Estes, director of the UW Autism Center and senior author of the study.
"In our clinical experience, parents have a lot of concerns about their children's sleep, and in our work on early autism intervention, we observed that sleep problems were holding children and families back," added Estes, who is also a UW professor of speech and hearing sciences.
"It could be that altered sleep is part-and-parcel of autism for some children. One clue is that behavioural interventions to improve sleep don't work for all children with autism, even when their parents are doing everything just right. This suggests that there may be a biological component to sleep problems for some children with autism," said Estes.
To consider links among sleep, brain development, and autism, researchers at the IBIS Network looked at MRI scans of 432 infants, surveyed parents about sleep patterns, and measured cognitive functioning using a standardized assessment.
At the outset of the study, infants were classified according to their risk for developing autism: Those who were at higher risk of developing autism -- about two-thirds of the study sample -- had an older sibling who had already been diagnosed.
Infant siblings of children with autism have a 20 per cent chance of developing autism spectrum disorder -- a much higher risk than children in the general population.
In the current study, 127 of the 432 infants were identified as "low risk" at the time the MRI scans were taken because they had no family history of autism.
They later evaluated all the participants at 24 months of age to determine whether they had developed autism. Of the roughly 300 children originally considered "high familial risk," 71 were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at that age.
Problems with sleep were more common among the infants later diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, as were larger hippocampi. No other subcortical brain structures were affected, including the amygdala, which is responsible for certain emotions and aspects of memory, or the thalamus, a signal transmitter from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex.
The authors note that while parents reported more sleep difficulties among infants who developed autism compared to those who did not, the differences were very subtle and only observed when looking at group averages across hundreds of infants.
Sleep patterns in the first years of life change rapidly as infants transition from sleeping around the clock to a more adult-like sleep/wake cycle. Until further research is completed, Estes said, it is not possible to interpret challenges with sleep as an early sign of increased risk for autism.
Comments
India need back to ballet revolution or face new constitution in future. EVM votes for modi on all states.
Cong. Govt was very good and fulfilled all the promises, good in administration and Overall development and one of the top most Govt in India, and list goes. but still BJP win the election in spite of corrupt leaders, hate mongers and looters. How it is possible?
What is the Reason? Unknown? Think of it. there is no Anti Cong. Ale, in karnataka
There is no any major complaint against rulers during periods. one of the best performed govt.
It is very difficult to think that people of karnataka is not ignorant and hate mongers
If we analyse the Reasons may be
1) People may not concern about Janakeeya govt and development work
2)EVM magic may be?
it is not possible to prove EVM tampering because it is highly technical and Election commission and all its engineers may be fully controlled by Sangh Parivar. so there is no value for complaint.
To whom we complaint?
It could be hidden agenda to rule India and its state through EVM. even supreme court and justice is loosing its value. Democracy is almost in end stage
There is a lesson to think. Analyse....
Think......think.......think...... think
Find out the reason......
No doubt it is EVM tampering...
EVM bluetooth hack played major role in Karnataka election... no people in the world will vote for corrupt party man..this is kill of democracy & raise of evil in india ...this will only end if indian involve in war or people revelotion against government...now more midclass people will soon become poor..no job..no development..no peace...no justice...most important save your daughter from evil people of BJP...
Anti Hindu Government Kicked out. This is what happens if you seek votes only from minority.
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