Washington D.C., May 8: The prime time for brain development in a child's life is the first year, where the infant spends most of the time asleep. It is the time when neural connections form and sensory memories are encoded.
However, when sleep is disrupted, as occurs more often among children with autism, brain development may be affected, too.
New research led by the University of Washington finds that sleep problems in a baby's first 12 months may not only precede an autism diagnosis but also may be associated with altered growth trajectory in a key part of the brain, the hippocampus.
The study, which was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, researchers report that in a sample of more than 400 taken of 6- to 12-month-old infants, those who were later diagnosed with autism were more likely to have had difficulty falling asleep.
It also states that this sleep difficulty was associated with altered growth trajectories in the hippocampus.
"The hippocampus is critical for learning and memory, and changes in the size of the hippocampus have been associated with poor sleep in adults and older children.
As many as 80 per cent of the children with autism spectrum disorder have sleep problems," said Annette Estes, director of the UW Autism Center and senior author of the study.
"In our clinical experience, parents have a lot of concerns about their children's sleep, and in our work on early autism intervention, we observed that sleep problems were holding children and families back," added Estes, who is also a UW professor of speech and hearing sciences.
"It could be that altered sleep is part-and-parcel of autism for some children. One clue is that behavioural interventions to improve sleep don't work for all children with autism, even when their parents are doing everything just right. This suggests that there may be a biological component to sleep problems for some children with autism," said Estes.
To consider links among sleep, brain development, and autism, researchers at the IBIS Network looked at MRI scans of 432 infants, surveyed parents about sleep patterns, and measured cognitive functioning using a standardized assessment.
At the outset of the study, infants were classified according to their risk for developing autism: Those who were at higher risk of developing autism -- about two-thirds of the study sample -- had an older sibling who had already been diagnosed.
Infant siblings of children with autism have a 20 per cent chance of developing autism spectrum disorder -- a much higher risk than children in the general population.
In the current study, 127 of the 432 infants were identified as "low risk" at the time the MRI scans were taken because they had no family history of autism.
They later evaluated all the participants at 24 months of age to determine whether they had developed autism. Of the roughly 300 children originally considered "high familial risk," 71 were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at that age.
Problems with sleep were more common among the infants later diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, as were larger hippocampi. No other subcortical brain structures were affected, including the amygdala, which is responsible for certain emotions and aspects of memory, or the thalamus, a signal transmitter from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex.
The authors note that while parents reported more sleep difficulties among infants who developed autism compared to those who did not, the differences were very subtle and only observed when looking at group averages across hundreds of infants.
Sleep patterns in the first years of life change rapidly as infants transition from sleeping around the clock to a more adult-like sleep/wake cycle. Until further research is completed, Estes said, it is not possible to interpret challenges with sleep as an early sign of increased risk for autism.
The decision was taken by chief minister Siddaramiah, who was looking for a competent and active minister to handle the department of Food and Civil Supplies, after the departure of Dinesh Gundu Rao.
Comments
I am a APL card holder. When we get ration coupons, in coupons for APL 5 kg rice and 5 kg wheat. When we go to ration shop if we say i do not want wheat only 5 kg rice they do not give. They says if you want rice you should take wheat also. Other wise change in your coupon for rice only. But we can not change only rice.
Kindly tell what is the procedure for only rice and no wheat for me.
Sir,
There is shortage of Non subsidised Commercial L.P.Gas cylinder of 19 Kg capacity in the market as HPCL has stopped giving new cylinders to the dealers since past 6 months.
The reason stated is that the turnaround ratio is less than 1 per month.
It is very surprising stand in the open market regime and HPCL has no ground to take such decision in general. The new release is stopped to those dealers who has more than 1 turnaround per month.
Black marketing of commercial cylinders is now a reality.Thanks to HPCL !!!
You are requested to appraise our food minister to manage this issue and oblige.
Regards
Not a good move by CM....Let's see....
Good Move... UTK did better as health minister...
He should also improve the food and civil dept. too... Lets wait before we criticize
this siddu dont have any work to do, Ut khader has done very good job in the field of health all the best for your future work.
One of the biggest blunders of Siddu govt. Outsider Siddu is helping his cheddi dost Ramesh Kumar
New minister in health department has nothing to do. all works are completed my Mr Khader. new one has to just eat, sleep and pose for pics.
congrates. but sad that health dept will be corrupted from today.
congratulation UT Khader, we all NRI's know that u have the capabilty to work in any sector, keep up your good work, lets c what u can do in food and civil supply, being health minister u have given good service as we all know.
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