From ragpicker to speaker in Geneva conference

June 17, 2015

Suman More's life has been a rags-to-recognition journey. As an illiterate, impoverished ragpicker from Pune, the 50-year-old could never have imagined that she would one day be the centre of attention at a conference held all the way in Geneva by the International Labour Organisation. Just the past fortnight, over 2,000 experts from all over the world listened enthralled, as she spoke about her work and the challenges she, and many like her, faced in finding acceptance and a voice in society.

“I thought it was just us ragpickers who were not treated properly, but during the conference, I learnt about many other people – like hairstylists and weavers – who were also struggling to find their voice,” said Suman, who has spent the past 37 years collecting and sorting waste.

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“There were more than 2,000 people from across the world and I was the only one in a sari. The most difficult issue was sitting in the air conditioned room, as I am not used to it. But I managed. Everyone appreciated me and the Indian culture, and the next day, they even tried on my saris,” she added.

At the 104th session of the International Labour Conference held from June 1 to 13, Suman was one of the esteemed speakers, invited to speak about her work to an elite gathering of experts and leaders from around the world. This is starkly different from the past, when she could not even find a job as a cleaner or labourer because of her caste and was harassed for being a ragpicker.

Suman hails from Kalamb village in Usmanabad district, where her parents would work in farms for daily wages. When a drought hit the village, however, jobs began drying up and Suman and her family moved to Pune in search of work. Her husband was from the potraj community (a tribe of nomads) and would barely gather enough alms to provide one meal a day. Suman was refused jobs on account of her caste and eventually began picking up waste like iron rods and other scrap material to eke out a living. After collecting scrap for nine hours, she would make barely R30-40 a day, far short of what was needed to keep a family of six afloat.

ragpicker2

“I came to Pune so we could beat the hunger we had experienced in our village. But it was hard; we couldn't find jobs because of out caste, so I started collecting waste. Later, I realised that if the scrap is segregated properly, it can fetch a better price,” Suman recalled.

Years later, this same lesson would come into play when ragpickers joined hands with the local municipality to manage the city's waste. Instead of the corporation collecting and moving the garbage to waste management centres, ragpickers from across the city do the task both faster and more economically. Since this tie-up, life has become smoother for waste collectors who faced great harassment from citizens and the police in the early days.

“While picking up the waste, many a time people use to complain or call us thieves and we were dragged to the police station for no reason. Many a time, the police used to humiliate us as well,” said Suman, adding that things began to improve after activists set up the organisation Kagad, Kach, Patra, Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP) to fight for ragpickers' rights. Where wastepickers would earn about R20-40 a day in the past, they now earn R5,000 a month, are accorded more respect and are even provided with identity cards to help them do their jobs with dignity.

Suman wanted to ensure her children never had to meet the same fate, and scrimped and saved to put her kids through school.

“I was illiterate but I did not want my children to have a similar life, so I worked day and night and we skipped one meal a day to make sure they went to school,” she said, proudly adding that of her four kids, one is a journalist with a double Masters degree, another is a graduate preparing for the civil services exams, a third son is a Bcom student, while her daughter is married.

Although her children are now doing well and the family even owns an apartment in Pune, they continue to live in Suman's old home in Gultekdi, a shanty that has now been converted to a brick-and-mortar two-room house.

'Proud of her'

Suman's daughter-in-law Shweta, who teaches at a Pune college, said, “We all tell Aai (Suman) not to work as we are earning well, but she tells us her work gives her joy. All her salary is used to support the education for underprivileged kids in the slum areas, and she personally visits them to ensure they go to school. I am proud of her.”

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Agencies
July 4,2020

Twitter has joined efforts to do away with racially loaded terms such as master, slave and blacklist from its coding language in the wake of the death of African-American George Floyd and ensuing Black Lives Matter protests.

The project started even before the current movement for racial justice escalated following the death of 46-year-old George Floyd in police custody in May.

The use of terms such as "master" and "slave" in programming language originated decades ago. While "master" is used to refer to the primary version of a code, "slave" refers to the replicas. Similarly, the term "Blacklist" is used to refer to items which are meant to be automatically denied.

The efforts to change these terms in favour of more inclusive language at Twitter were initiated by Regynald Augustin and Kevin Oliver and the microblogging platform is now backing their efforts.

"Inclusive language plays a critical role in fostering an environment where everyone belongs. At Twitter, the language we have been using in our code does not reflect our values as a company or represent the people we serve. We want to change that. #WordsMatter," Twitter's engineering team said in a post on Thursday.

As per the recommendations from the team, the term "whitelist" could be replaced by "allowlist" and "blacklist" by "denylist".

Similarly, "master/slave" could be replaced by "leader/follower", "primary/replica" or "primary/standby".

Twitter, however, is not the first to start a project to bring inclusivity in programming language.

According to a report in CNET, the team behind the Drupal online publishing software started using "primary/replica" in place of "master/slave" as early as in 2014.

The use of the terms "master/slave" was also dropped by developers of the Python programming language in 2018.

Now similar efforts are underway at Microsoft's Github and LinkedIn divisions as well, said the report.

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Agencies
June 8,2020

Washington DC, Jun 8: Astronomers acting on a hunch have likely resolved a mystery about young, still-forming stars and regions rich in organic molecules closely surrounding some of them.

They used the National Science Foundation's Karl G Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) to reveal one such region that previously had eluded detection and that revelation answered a longstanding question.

The regions around the young protostars contain complex organic molecules which can further combine into prebiotic molecules that are the first steps on the road to life.

The regions, dubbed "hot corinos" by astronomers, are typically about the size of our solar system and are much warmer than their surroundings, though still quite cold by terrestrial standards.

The first hot corino was discovered in 2003 and only about a dozen have been found so far. Most of these are in binary systems, with two protostars forming simultaneously.

Astronomers have been puzzled by the fact that, in some of these binary systems, they found evidence for a hot corino around one of the protostars but not the other.

"Since the two stars are forming from the same molecular cloud and at the same time, it seemed strange that one would be surrounded by a dense region of complex organic molecules and the other wouldn't," said Cecilia Ceccarelli, of the Institute for Planetary Sciences and Astrophysics at the University of Grenoble (IPAG) in France.

The complex organic molecules were found by detecting specific radio frequencies, called spectral lines, emitted by the molecules. Those characteristic radio frequencies serve as "fingerprints" to identify the chemicals.

The astronomers noted that all the chemicals found in hot corinos had been found by detecting these "fingerprints" at radio frequencies corresponding to wavelengths of only a few millimetres.

"We know that dust blocks those wavelengths, so we decided to look for evidence of these chemicals at longer wavelengths that can easily pass through dust," said Claire Chandler of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, and principal investigator on the project.

"It struck us that dust might be what was preventing us from detecting the molecules in one of the twin protostars," added Chandler.

The astronomers used the VLA to observe a pair of protostars called IRAS 4A, in a star-forming region about 1,000 light-years from Earth. They observed the pair at wavelengths of centimetres.

At those wavelengths, they sought radio emissions from methanol, CH3OH (wood alcohol, not for drinking). This was a pair in which one protostar clearly had a hot corino and the other did not, as seen using the much shorter wavelengths.

The result confirmed their hunch. "With the VLA, both protostars showed strong evidence of methanol surrounding them. This means that both protostars have hot corinos. The reason we did not see the one at shorter wavelengths was because of dust," said Marta de Simone, a graduate student at IPAG who led the data analysis for this object.

The astronomers cautioned that while both hot corinos now are known to contain methanol, there still may be some chemical differences between them. That, they said, can be settled by looking for other molecules at wavelengths not obscured by dust.

"This result tells us that using centimetre radio wavelengths is necessary to properly study hot corinos," Claudio Codella of Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory in Florence, Italy, said.

"In the future, planned new telescopes such as the next-generation VLA and SKA, will be very important to understanding these objects," added Codella.

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News Network
July 9,2020

U.S. electric vehicle maker Tesla Inc is "very close" to achieving level 5 autonomous driving technology, Chief Executive Elon Musk said on Thursday, referring to the capability to navigate roads without any driver input.

"I'm extremely confident that level 5 or essentially complete autonomy will happen and I think will happen very quickly," Musk said in remarks made via a video message at the opening of Shanghai's annual World Artificial Intelligence Conference (WAIC).

"I remain confident that we will have the basic functionality for level 5 autonomy complete this year."

Automakers and tech companies including Alphabet Inc Waymo and Uber Technologies are investing billions in the autonomous driving industry.

However industry insiders have said it would take time for the technology to get ready and public to trust autonomous vehicles fully.

The California-based automaker currently builds cars with an Autopilot driver-assistance system.

Tesla is also developing new heat-projection or cooling systems to enable more advanced computers in cars, Musk said.

Industry data showed Tesla sold nearly 15,000 China-made Model 3 sedans last month.

Tesla has become the highest-valued automaker as its shares surged to record highs and its market capitalisation overtook that of former front-runner Toyota Motors Corp.

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